Winter Safety

Winter is a unique season. Hazards such as prolonged heavy snowfall can paralyze entire regions. In addition, low temperatures can cause frostbite and hypothermia, which can pose a direct threat to life. Strong winds combined with temperatures slightly above 0°C can have the same effect as -30°C on a calm day, and moisture increases the feeling of cold. Wind and moisture make it feel colder than the thermometer reads – the colder and windier it is, the colder it feels.

Hypothermia is when the body’s temperature drops below 36.6°C. Mild hypothermia can lead to a cold, while severe hypothermia, when body temperature falls below 28°C, can be fatal. It can occur with prolonged exposure to very low temperatures or water, which cools the body 20 times faster than air.

The first sign of hypothermia is shivering. This signals a need to find a warm place or add layers. Mild hypothermia includes muscle tremors, weakness, dizziness, and disorientation, with a body temperature of 34-35°C. One can still take self-warming actions (e.g., build a fire, add layers). Do not drink alcohol as it promotes cooling.

What to Do if Hypothermia Occurs: Warm the person gradually – too fast could circulate cold blood to the heart, stopping circulation. Don’t rub the skin. Remove cold clothing, wrap in blankets, and provide warm drinks if conscious. Apply warmth to the head, neck, back, and thighs. If unconscious, start warming and call for help. If breathing or pulse is absent, begin CPR until help arrives.

Frostbite

Changes in the skin and underlying tissues due to cold exposure. Wind and moisture increase frostbite risk. The most vulnerable parts are the face, hands, and feet. Early signs are skin color changes, numbness, and burning, with eventual loss of sensation.

Frostbite

Frostbite Types:

First Degree: white skin, then reddish with a bluish hue, tingling, and swelling,
Second Degree: fluid-filled blisters appear, with bluish and swollen skin,
Third Degree: complete skin thickness damage, tissue necrosis, and ulcers,
Fourth Degree: extends to muscles and even bones.

Do NOT rub frostbitten areas. Gently warm with lukewarm water (about 25°C, up to 40°C). Dry and cover with a sterile dressing. Do NOT puncture blisters from second-degree frostbite.

Avoid Hypothermia and Frostbite by:

Dressing in layers, ideally in natural or fleece fabrics,
Wearing appropriate, warm shoes that allow toe movement,
Using warm, loose gloves and a hat covering the forehead and ears,
Avoiding face coverings that retain moisture,
Applying protective cream or petroleum jelly on exposed skin,
Moving around to stay warm,
Avoiding alcohol in the cold.

Winter is challenging for the elderly and homeless. Don’t ignore those in need.

Look out for the elderly struggling outdoors. Fainting in the cold can have serious consequences.

Be aware of homeless individuals sleeping in parks or shelters. Approach sleeping individuals on benches or bus stops, even if they seem intoxicated. A call could save a life.

Animals also need help in winter. If your pets (cats, dogs) can’t shelter indoors, ensure they have somewhere warm and dry. Check on food supplies to ensure it’s not frozen or buried. Animals don’t complain – they need your help!

Explore other winter hazard guides!

Winter Safety - infographic